Html — entities

Parameter Values

ISO 8859-1 Symbol Entities

What is URL encoding?

URL encoding stands for encoding certain characters in a URL by replacing them with one or more character triplets that consist of the

percent character «» followed by two hexadecimal digits. The two hexadecimal digits of the triplet(s) represent the

numeric value of the replaced character.

The term URL encoding is a bit inexact because the encoding procedure is not limited to

URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), but can also be applied to any

other URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers)

such as URNs (Uniform Resource Names).

Therefore, the term percent-encoding should be preferred.

Which Characters Are Allowed in a URL?

The characters allowed in a URI are either reserved or unreserved (or a percent character as part of a percent-encoding).

Reserved characters are those characters that sometimes have special meaning, while unreserved characters have no such

meaning. Using percent-encoding, characters which otherwise would not be allowed are represented using allowed characters.

The sets of reserved and unreserved characters and the circumstances under which certain reserved characters have special meaning

have changed slightly with each revision of specifications that govern URIs and URI schemes.

According to RFC 3986, the characters in a URL have to

be taken from a defined set of unreserved and reserved ASCII characters.

Any other characters are not allowed in a URL.

The unreserved characters can be encoded, but should not be encoded. The unreserved characters are:

The reserved characters have to be encoded only under certain circumstances. The reserved characters are:

Encoding/Decoding a Piece of Text

RFC 3986 does not define according to which character

encoding table non-ASCII characters (e.g. the umlauts ä, ö, ü) should

be encoded. As URL encoding involves a pair of hexadecimal digits and as a pair of hexadecimal digits is equivalent to 8 bits, it would

theoretically be possible to use one of the 8-bit code pages for non-ASCII characters (e.g. ISO-8859-1 for umlauts).

On the other hand, as many languages have their own 8-bit code page, handling all these different 8-bit code pages would be a quite

cumbersome thing to do. Some languages do not even fit into an 8-bit code page (e.g. Chinese). Therefore,

RFC 3629 proposes to use the

UTF-8 character encoding table for non-ASCII characters.

The following tool takes this into account and offers to choose between the ASCII character encoding table and the UTF-8 character

encoding table. If you opt for the ASCII character encoding table, a warning message will pop up if the URL encoded/decoded text

contains non-ASCII characters.

External Links

• More information about percent-encoding (Wikipedia)
• URL encoding with Java (UTF-8 character encoding, source code available)

Range: Decimal 128-255. Hex 0080-00FF.

If you want any of these characters displayed in HTML, you can use the HTML entity found in the table below.

If the character does not have an HTML entity, you can use the decimal (dec) or hexadecimal (hex) reference.

Will display as:

I will display £ I will display £ I will display £

HTML Tutorial

HTML HOMEHTML IntroductionHTML EditorsHTML BasicHTML ElementsHTML AttributesHTML HeadingsHTML ParagraphsHTML StylesHTML FormattingHTML QuotationsHTML CommentsHTML Colors Colors RGB HEX HSL

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HTML Block & InlineHTML ClassesHTML IdHTML IframesHTML JavaScriptHTML File PathsHTML HeadHTML LayoutHTML ResponsiveHTML ComputercodeHTML SemanticsHTML Style GuideHTML EntitiesHTML SymbolsHTML EmojisHTML CharsetHTML URL EncodeHTML vs. XHTML

HTML Tutorial

HTML HOMEHTML IntroductionHTML EditorsHTML BasicHTML ElementsHTML AttributesHTML HeadingsHTML ParagraphsHTML StylesHTML FormattingHTML QuotationsHTML CommentsHTML Colors Colors RGB HEX HSL

HTML CSSHTML Links Links Link Colors Link Bookmarks

HTML Images Images Image Map Background Images The Picture Element

HTML TablesHTML Lists Lists Unordered Lists Ordered Lists Other Lists

HTML Block & InlineHTML ClassesHTML IdHTML IframesHTML JavaScriptHTML File PathsHTML HeadHTML LayoutHTML ResponsiveHTML ComputercodeHTML SemanticsHTML Style GuideHTML EntitiesHTML SymbolsHTML EmojisHTML CharsetHTML URL EncodeHTML vs. XHTML

More Examples

Example

Convert some predefined HTML entities to characters:

<?php $str = «Jane &amp; &#039;Tarzan&#039;»; echo htmlspecialchars_decode($str, ENT_COMPAT); // Will only convert double quotes echo «<br>»; echo htmlspecialchars_decode($str, ENT_QUOTES); // Converts double and single quotes echo «<br>»; echo htmlspecialchars_decode($str, ENT_NOQUOTES); // Does not convert any quotes ?>

The HTML output of the code above will be (View Source):

<!DOCTYPE html><html> <body> Jane & &#039;Tarzan&#039;<br> Jane & ‘Tarzan'<br> Jane & &#039;Tarzan&#039; </body> </html>

The browser output of the code above will be:

Jane & ‘Tarzan’ Jane & ‘Tarzan’ Jane & ‘Tarzan’

Example

Convert the predefined HTML entities to double quotes:

<?php $str = ‘I love &quot;PHP&quot;.’;echo htmlspecialchars_decode($str, ENT_QUOTES); // Converts double and single quotes ?>

The HTML output of the code above will be (View Source):

<!DOCTYPE html><html> <body> I love «PHP». </body> </html>

The browser output of the code above will be:

I love «PHP».

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